不参与的不参与的、不行动的或不<em>起作用的</em>；缺乏活力的
Not participating, acting, or operating; inert.
操作操作或<em>起作用的</em>行为或过程
The act or process of operating or functioning.
在此事中<em>起作用的</em>种种因素很难缕析得清楚。
The influences at work in this case (ie factors causing it to develop in a particular way) are hard to disentangle.
